Yields and quality of graphene produced in BDE were found comparable to those obtained when solvents such as NMP and DMF are used. Suitable values of Hansen solubility parameters, surface tension and viscosity explain its ability to disperse graphene. It is based on the use of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE), an epoxy monomer able to efficiently produce and disperse graphene via ultrasound-induced liquid exfoliation of graphite. We present a novel synthetic approach to produce epoxy-graphene nanocomposites by in situ polymerization, without the need of adding/removing external solvents to improve graphene dispersion. This improved understanding provides guidance for practicing engineers, who depending upon the design requirements can use semi-empirical prediction models to selectively reinforce the GFRP mortar pipes to have a custom-designed product. The semi-empirical prediction models presented in current research allows better understanding of the individual and consolidated effect of constituent materials upon the axial and hoop tensile strengths. To better understand the dominant mode of failure that prevails under applied loading conditions, and to gain insight into the failure mechanisms, microscopic examination of failed surfaces was also performed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The magnitude of error percentage for predicted axial tensile strength is found to be less than 2.27%, while for hoop strength they are less than 1.13%. The validation tests were carried out to check the predictive capability of the formulated semi-empirical prediction models. This approach involved aligning the axial tensile (σ at) and hoop tensile (σ ht) strength as a function of the composition of constituent materials: chopped glass (%), hoop glass (%), resin (%), and silica sand (%), and further applying this understanding to the formulation of semi-empirical prediction models to enable future GFRP composite designs to have a reduced design factor of uncertainty. The consolidated effects of constituent materials on the mechanical strengths of GFRP mortar pipes are studied using a semi-empirical approach. A comprehensive experimental program (685 tests across 48 pipe categories) is completed towards evaluation of the axial and hoop tensile strengths, and composition of constituent materials using loss on ignition tests. The main objective of current research is to better understand the individual and consolidated effect of constituent materials on the mechanical strengths: axial and hoop tensile strengths of glass fibre reinforced polymer mortar pipes. Major constituents of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) mortar pipes are high strength continuous and chopped fibres made up of E-CR (Electrical/chemical resistance) glass and particulate fillers in the form of silica sand, these are embedded in the thermoset matrix (vinyl ester resin).
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